Nice gentleman. He reads too much. A lot of fiction novels and clasic literature

Good and fair player.

I flagged 3rd and told another player to fight for 2nd, but he decided to turn on me and try to kill me. Thankfully, vIRGIL was very honorable about this and killed off the other guy. I appreciate it very much. Oh, also he's quite funny :-p Good luck, vIRGIL!

Great game. Does not accept second place.

gg

You seem to have a problem with everybody. You might want to consider that you have the problem and not every one else.

vIRGIN? Why not try to get laid once in a while? Virginity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Virgin) Jump to: navigation, search In Roman times, the Vestal Virgins remained celibate for 30 years on penalty of death."Virgin" and "Maiden" redirect here. For other uses, see Virgin (disambiguation) and Maiden (disambiguation). A Virgin (or maiden) is, originally, a woman who has never had sexual intercourse. Virginity is the state of being a virgin. It is derived from the Latin virgo, which means "sexually inexperienced woman", used typically of adolescents, but also of older women, and even goddesses. As in Latin, the English word is also often used with wider reference, by relaxing the age, gender or sexual criteria.[1] Hence, more mature women can be virgins (The Virgin Queen), men can be virgins, and potential initiates into many fields can be colloquially termed virgins, for example a skydiving "virgin". In the last usage, virgin simply means uninitiated. Also by extension from its primary sense, the idea that a virgin has a sexual "blank slate",[2] unchanged by any past intimate connexion or experience,[2] leads to the abstraction of unadulterated purity (see below). Hence, virgin can even be used with non-human referents. Unalloyed metal is sometimes described as virgin.[1] Some cocktails can be described as virgin, when lacking the alcoholic admixture.[1] Similarly, olive oil may be called virgin if it contains no refined oil and has an acidity below 2%, or extra-virgin if it comes from a cold pressing with an acidity below .08%.[1] The last instance also incorporates yet another association of virginity&#8212;the notability of its loss. More properly, the association is with the significance of the addition of a new status, rather than a loss. Hence this association is typically found in references to the first instance of a potentially extended series of like events. Just as extra-virgin olive oil is from the first pressing, so a maiden or virgin speech is an incumbent's first address. The same metaphor, using the synonym maiden, is applied to the first or maiden voyage of a ship. A woman's maiden name is the surname she had when she was (presumed to be) a virgin&#8212;her first surname. In cricket, a maiden over is an over from which no runs were scored. Maiden Castles are those with the reputation of never having been captured. Wool can be virgin.[1] Computer systems can be virgin.[3] Unfertilized gametes can be virgin.[1] Females of various species, by analogy with Homo sapiens, if they have never mated, can also be called virgin.[1] Chastity is a near synonym of virginity.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 In culture 2.1 Perceived value 2.2 Loss of virginity 2.3 Analogies relating to virginity 3 Academic study 3.1 Cultural anthropology 3.2 Social psychology 4 Religion 4.1 Hinduism 4.1.1 Contemporary Hinduism 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Greece and Rome 4.4 Christianity 4.4.1 Catholic theology 4.4.2 Christian Mysticism and Gnostic Christianity 4.4.3 Contemporary Christianity 4.5 Islam 5 Medicine and biology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography [edit] Etymology The word virgin comes via Old French virgine from the root form of Latin virgo, genitive virgin-is, meaning literally "maiden" or "virgin"&#8212;a sexually intact young woman.[4] The Latin word probably arose by analogy with a suit of lexemes based on vireo, meaning "to be green, fresh or flourishing", mostly with botanic reference&#8212;in particular, virga meaning "strip of wood".[5] The first known use of virgin in English comes from an Anglo-Saxon manuscript held at Trinity College, Cambridge. c. 1200: &ETH;ar haue&eth; ... martirs, and confessors, and uirgines maked faier bode inne to women. &#8212; Trinity College Homilies 185 [ms B.15.34 (369)] In this, and many later contexts, the reference is specifically Christian, alluding to members of the order of virgins known to have existed since the early church from the writings of the Church Fathers.[6] However, within about a century, the word was expanded to apply also to Mary, the mother of Jesus, hence to sexual virginity explicitly. c. 1300: Conceiud o &thorn;e hali gast, born o &thorn;e virgine marie. &#8212; Cursor Mundi 24977 Further expansion of the word to include virtuous (or na&iuml;ve) young women, irrespective of religious connection, occurred over about another century. c. 1400: Voide & vacand of vices as virgyns it ware. &#8212; The Wars of Alexander 4665 These are just three of the eighteen definitions of virgin from the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED1, pages 230-232). Most of the OED1 definitions, however, are very similar. Frank Harris (1923) claims to have given the following humorous etymology in a lecture, " 'vir,' as everyone knows, is Latin for a man, while 'gin' is good old English for a trap; virgin is therefore a mantrap."[7] Other, serious, but unsupported etymologies exist in print. The German for "virgin" is Jungfrau. Although Jungfrau literally means "young woman", a standard formal German word for a young woman, without implications regarding sexuality, is Fräulein. Fräulein can be used in German, as a title of respect, equivalent to current usage of Miss in English. Jungfrau is the word reserved specifically for sexual inexperience. As Frau means "woman", it suggests a female referent. Unlike English, German has a specific word for a male virgin Jüngling ("Youngling"). It is, however, rarely used in this sense. Jungfrau, with some masculine modifier, is more typical, as evidenced by the film, The 40 Year-Old Virgin, about a 40 year-old male virgin, titled in German, Jungfrau (40), männlich, sucht.[8] German also distinguishes between young women and girls, who are denoted by the word Mädchen. The English cognate "maid" was often used to imply virginity, especially in poetry. German is not the only language to have a specific a specific name for male virginity; in French, male virgins are called "puceau" or "Joseph" whereas a number of indigenous Bolivians, males presenting with phimosis who injure their frenulum during first penetration are said to be "uncartridged" as opposed to "cartridged" before first intercourse[9]. By contrast, the Greek word for "virgin" is parthenos (&#960;&#945;&#961;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#962;, see Parthenon). Although typically applied to women, like English, it is also applied to men, in both cases specifically denoting absence of sexual experience. When used of men, it does not carry a strong association of "never-married" status. However, in reference to women, historically, it was sometimes used to refer to an engaged woman&#8212;parthenos autou (&#960;&#945;&#961;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#962; &#945;&#8016;&#964;&#959;&#973;, his virgin) = his fiancée as opposed to gun? autou (&#947;&#965;&#957;&#942; &#945;&#8016;&#964;&#959;&#973;, his woman) = his wife. This distinction is necessary due to there being no specific word for wife (or husband) in Greek. Despite such definitions cited above, an alternative definition and understanding of the word 'virgin' has been discussed by Queer theorists. Kitzinger and Wilkinson write that Marilyn Frye, a lesbian feminist scholar described that the term 'virgin' "originally meant not women without experience of heterosexual intercourse but rather 'females who are willing to engage in chosen connections with males, [women] who are wild females, undomesticated females, [and] thoroughly defiant of patriarchal female heterosexuality'".[10] [edit] In culture Another cross-cultural study in 2003, by Michael Bozon, found contemporary cultures to fall into three broad categories.[citation needed] In the first group, the data indicated families arranging marriage for daughters as close to puberty as possible, with significantly older men. Age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at later ages than that of women, but is often extra-marital. This group included sub-Saharan Africa (the study listed Mali, Senegal and Ethiopia). The study considered the Indian subcontinent also fell into this group, although data was only available from Nepal. In the second group, the data indicated families encouraged daughters to delay marriage, but to abstain from sexual activity prior to it. However, sons are encouraged to gain experience with older women or prostitutes prior to marriage. Age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at lower ages than that of women. This group includes Latin cultures, both from southern Europe (Portugal, Greece and Romania are noted) and from Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic). The study considered many Asian societies also fell into this group, although matching data was only available from Thailand. In the third group, age of men and women at sexual initiation was more closely matched. There were two sub-groups, however. In non-Latin, Catholic countries (Poland and Lithuania are mentioned), age at sexual initiation was higher, suggesting later marriage and reciprocal valuing of male and female virginity. The same pattern of late marriage and reciprocal valuing of virginity was reflected in Singapore and Sri Lanka. The study considered China and Vietnam also fell into this group, although data was not available. Finally, in northern and eastern European countries, age at sexual initiation was lower, with both men and women involved in sexual activity prior to any union formation. The study listed Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic as members of this group. Consistent with the northern European findings above. A more recent sex education survey of UK teenagers between the ages of 14 and 17 in 2008 (conducted by YouGov for Channel 4), showed that only 6% of these teenagers intended waiting until marriage before having sex.[11] [edit] Perceived value The state of virginity often has special significance, usually as something to be respected or valued. This is especially true in societies where there are traditional or religious views associating sexual exclusiveness with marriage. Female virginity is closely interwoven with personal or even family honour in many cultures, especially those known as shame societies, in which the loss of virginity before marriage is a matter of deep shame. For example, among the Bantu of South Africa, virginity testing or even the suturing of the labia majora (called infibulation) has been commonplace. Traditionally, Kenuzi girls (of the Sudan) are married before puberty (Godard, 1867), by adult men who inspect them manually for virginity (Kenedy, 1970). Female circumcision is later performed at puberty to ensure chastity (Barclay, 1964). History evidences laws and customs that required a man who seduced or raped a virgin to take responsibility for the consequences of his offense by marrying the girl or by paying compensation to her father on her behalf.[12] In some countries until the late 20th century, if a man did not marry a woman whose virginity he had taken, the woman was allowed to sue the man for money, in some languages named "wreath money".[13] Emphasizing the monetary value of female virginity, some women have offered their virginity for sale. In 2004, a lesbian student from the University of Bristol was said to have sold her virginity online for &pound;8,400, and Londoner Rosie Reid, 18, reportedly slept with a 44-year-old BT engineer in a Euston hotel room against payment for her virginity.[14] In 2008, Italian model Raffella [sic?] Fico, then 20 years old, offered her virginity for 1 million Euros.[15] In that same year, an American using the pseudonym Natalie Dylan announced she would accept bids for her virginity through a Nevada brothel's web site.[16][17] Some historians & anthropologists note that many societies that place a high value on virginity before marriage, before the sexual revolution, actually have a large amount of premarital sexual activity that does not involve vaginal penetration: for example, oral sex, anal sex and mutual masturbation. This is considered by some people "technical" virginity, as vaginal intercourse has not occurred but the participants are sexually active.[citation needed] There are anthropological reasons for the view that vaginal penetration, especially on the part of the woman, is especially indicative of a change in status, a threshold irrevocably crossed, the most incontrovertible "loss of virginity".[citation needed] [edit] Loss of virginity This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) The act of losing one's virginity, that is, of a first sexual experience, is commonly considered within Western culture to be an important life event and a rite of passage. The loss of virginity can be viewed as a milestone in a person's life. In human females, the hymen is a membrane, part of the vulva, which partially occludes the entrance to the vagina, and which stretches, or is sometimes torn, when the woman first engages in sexual intercourse. It can also be broken by cycling, horseback riding, or gymnastics. The human hymen can vary widely in thickness, shape, and flexibility. Throughout history, the presence of an intact membrane has been seen by many as physical evidence of virginity in the broader technical sense. The presence of a hymen is a possible indication, but no guarantee, of virginity, given that some degree of sexual activity may occur without rupturing the hymen, the hymen may be broken through means other than sexual, and because there may exist varying definitions as to the type and extent of sexual activity that is considered by a person to terminate the state of "virginity". This is further complicated by the availability of hymenorrhaphy surgical procedures to repair or replace the hymen (a procedure that is more common in countries where virginity is greatly prized, as in the Middle East.) In addition, some women simply lack a hymen, so even if one was not present, a woman may still be a virgin. In the majority of women, the hymen is sufficiently vestigial as to pose no obstruction to the entryway of the vagina. The presence of a broken hymen may therefore indicate that the vagina has been penetrated but also that it was broken via physical activity or the use of a tampon or dildo. Many women possess such thin, fragile hymens, easily stretched and already perforated at birth, that the hymen can be broken, or merely disappear, in childhood, without the woman even being aware of it. In contrast to the common cases of an absent or partial hymen, in rare cases a woman may possess an imperforate hymen, such as prevents the release of menstrual discharge. A surgical procedure known as hymenotomy, which creates an opening in the hymen, is sometimes required to avert deleterious health effects. The playwright Ben Jonson claimed that Queen Elizabeth I of England, the Virgin Queen, had a "membranum" that made her "incapable of Man", and that a friend of hers, a "chirurgeon", had offered to remedy the problem with his scalpel and that Elizabeth had demurred. In males, there is no physically visible indicator of virginity. [edit] Analogies relating to virginity "cherry" is a slang term used for virginity. This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) The sexual partner during the loss of virginity is sometimes colloquially said to "take" the virginity of the virgin partner. In some places, this colloquialism is only used when the partner is not a virgin, but in other places, the virginity of the partner does not matter. The term "deflower" is sometimes used to also describe the act of the virgin's partner, and the clinical term "defloration" is another way to describe the event. One slang term used for virginity is "cherry" (often, this term refers to the hymen, but can refer to virginity in males or females) and for a virgin, deflowering is said to "pop their cherry," a reference to destruction of the hymen during first intercourse. A curious term often seen in English translations of the works of the Marquis de Sade is to depucelate. This word is apparently a literal translation of dépuceler, a French verb derived from pucelle (n.f.), which means "virgin". Joan of Arc was commonly called "la Pucelle" by her admirers. [edit] Academic study Further information: Human sexual behavior Although a wide variety of terminology is employed within academic literature, a common term for "losing virginity" is sexual debut. One theory hypothesizes there is an appropriate developmental stage for this, hence an approximate age (see age of consent). [edit] Cultural anthropology Cultural anthropologists have discovered that romantic love and sexual jealousy are universal features of human relationships.[18] Social values related to virginity reflect both sexual jealousy and ideals of romantic love, and appear to be deeply embedded in human nature. [edit] Social psychology Psychology explores the connection between thought and behavior. Seeking understanding of social (or anti-social) behaviors includes sexual behavior. Joan Kahn and Kathryn London studied U.S. women married between 1965 and 1985 to see if virginity at marriage influenced risk of divorce. &#8220; This article examines the relationship between premarital sexual activity and the long-term risk of divorce among U.S. women married between 1965 and 1985. Simple cross-tabulations from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that women who were sexually active prior to marriage faced a considerably higher risk of marital disruption than women who [sic] were virgin brides. A bivariate probit model is employed to examine three possible explanations for this positive relationship: (a) a direct causal effect, (b) an indirect effect through intervening "high risk" behaviors (such as having a premarital birth or marrying at a young age), and (c) a selectivity effect representing prior differences between virgins and non-virgins (such as family background or attitudes and values). After a variety of observable characteristics are controlled, non-virgins still face a much higher risk of divorce than virgins. However, when the analysis controls for unobserved characteristics affecting both the likelihood of having premarital sex and the likelihood of divorce, the differential is no longer significant. These results suggest that the positive relationship between premarital sex and the risk of divorce can be attributed to prior unobserved differences (e.g., the willingness to break traditional norms) rather than to a direct causal effect.[19] &#8221; This study makes no recommendation, it simply notes that the women most likely to exercise freedom to enter sexual relationships prior to marriage, overlap significantly with the women most likely to exercise freedom to leave a relationship after marriage. Men were not the subject of this study. [edit] Religion [edit] Hinduism In Sanskrit a virgin is called ak&#7779;ata-yoni. K&#7779;ata means "diminished", a is the negating prefix and yoni refers to female reproductive organs generically &#8212; used freely for womb or vulva as context requires. Hence ak&#7779;ata-yoni suggests something like "undefiled womb" or "unspoiled vulva", but could be understood specifically as "unruptured hymen". Common related words are kany? and kum?r?, which refer to a young, unmarried girl, a bride or a daughter in general. Whilst virginity is not strictly implied by the words, it is generally presumed. These are also names of the goddess Durga, who is a virgin in some of her aspects or manifestations (see avatar). a Pur?&#7751;a text: &#8220; The sun-god said: O beautiful P&#7771;th?, your meeting with the demigods cannot be fruitless. Therefore, let me place my seed in your womb so that you may bear a son. I shall arrange to keep your virginity intact, since you are still an unmarried girl."[20] &#8221; a legal text attributed to Manu: &#8220; The nuptial texts pertaining to unmarried virgins are applied solely to unmarried virgins, (and) nowhere among men to unmarried females who have lost their virginity, for such (females) are excluded only from (those) nuptial religious ceremonies."[21] &#8221; [edit] Contemporary Hinduism This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) In conservative Hindu societies in Nepal and India, any form of premarital sexual intercourse is still frowned upon and is considered an act destined to bring great dishonour and disrespect to the family. It is practically impossible for a non-virgin girl to find a partner from a traditional family in rural areas, though in cities and among the urban middle class Hindus the criteria of virginity is generally relaxed. Among some castes of Hindus virginity is not a requirement for marriage even in theology. No legal statutes exist that explicitly require virginity as a requirement for marriage. Virginity is primarily seen as desirable because of longstanding traditions rather than from theological justification (which most Hindus outside the clergy do not regard as literal guidelines). [edit] Judaism Virginity first appears in the Jewish scriptures in Genesis, where Eliezer is seeking a wife for his master's son. He meets Rebekah, and the narrative tells us, "the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her" (Genesis 24:16). Virginity is a recurring theme in the Bible &#8212; the nation is frequently personified as the virgin daughter of Israel in the prophetic poetry. It is a wistful phrase, since Genesis also says that Israel's (Jacob's) only daughter Dinah was, in fact, raped as she entered the promised land. The Torah also contains laws governing betrothal, marriage and divorce, with particular provisions regarding virginity in Deuteronomy 22. Sex in Judaism is not seen as dirty or undesirable &#8212; in fact, sex within marriage is considered a mitzvah, or desirable virtue (literally a 'commandment'). Jewish law contains rules related to and protecting female virgins and dealing with consensual and non-consensual pre-marital sex. The thrust of Jewish law's guidance on sex is effectively that it should not be rejected, but should be lived as a wholesome part of life. Although there is a provision in Judaism for sex outside of marriage, the idea of a pilegesh, is it very seldom used, partially because of the emphasis placed on marriage and other social pressures, and partially because some prominent Rabbis have been opposed to it, for example Maimonides. While a child born of certain forbidden relationships, such as adultery or incest, is considered a mamzer, approximately translated as illegitimate, who can only marry another mamzer, a child born out of wedlock is not considered a mamzer unless also adulterous or incestuous. [edit] Greece and Rome This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) Virginity has been often considered to be a virtue denoting purity and physical self-restraint and is an important characteristic of Greek goddesses Athena, Artemis, and Hestia. The Vestal Virgins were strictly celibate priestesses of Vesta. The constellation Virgo is said to represent various mythological figures known for virginity. [edit] Christianity Like Judaism, from which it was derived, the New Testament views sex within marriage positively, in fact, it is encouraged in 1 Corinthians 7. Just as this chapter is against sex without marriage, so it is against marriage without sex. Self control is valued, however it is considered unrealistic for most, and therefore allows for sexual expression in the safe boundaries of marriage. Some have theorized that the New Testament was not against sex before marriage.[22] The discussion turns on two Greek words &#8212; moicheia (&#956;&#959;&#953;&#967;&#949;&#943;&#945;, adultery) and porneia (el:&#960;&#959;&#961;&#957;&#949;&#943;&#945;, fornication see also pornography). The first word is restricted to contexts involving sexual betrayal of a spouse, however the second word is used as a generic term for illegitimate sexual activity. As such it is not specific about which particular behaviours are considered illegitimate. Elsewhere in 1 Corinthians , incest, homosexual intercourse[23] and prostitution are all explicitly forbidden by name. Paul is preaching about activities based on levitical sexual prohibitions in the context of achieving holiness while the Acts of Thomas use porneia as only those activities outside of a monogamous sexual relationship such as adultery and multiple partners which implies he does not see premarital sex as a hindrance to holiness. The theory suggests it is these, and only these behaviours that are intended by Paul's prohibition in chapter seven.[24] The strongest argument against this theory is that the modern interpretation of the New outside Corinthians, speaks against pre-marital sex;[25] As in Judaism, the interpretation of Genesis is that it describes sex as a gift from God to be celebrated within the context of marriage. The New Testament also speaks of the Christian's body as a holy temple that the Spirit of God comes to dwell in. (1 Corinthians 3:16) Purity in general is deeply threaded throughout the entire Bible. Christians [[who}} have officially accepted the New Testament claim that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin at the time Jesus was conceived, based on the accounts in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox denominations, additionally hold to the dogma of the perpetual virginity of Mary. However, some Protestant denominations[who?] cite evidence against this including Mark 6:3: "Isn't this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and the brother of James, Joses, Judas, and Simon? And aren't His sisters here with us?". The Catholic Church holds[26] that in Semitic usage the terms "brother," "sister" are applied not only to children of the same parents, but to nephews, nieces, cousins, half-brothers, and half-sisters. Some Christians[who?] may refer to her as the Virgin Mary or the Blessed Virgin Mary. [edit] Catholic theology While traditional Catholic theology recognizes a physical aspect of virginity, the moral aspects are far more important.[citation needed] In traditional theology, virgins are thought to receive a special aureola in heaven, and as such it was important to define exactly what constituted this "theological virginity". Depending on the culture, this definition of virginity may be very different from the "social definition of virginity." In Catholic theology, virginity is technically lost by any deliberately felt sexual pleasure, and as such is forfeit even by masturbation, though not necessarily by sexual acts in which one participates but in a way that does not cause genital pleasure for oneself. In some part because of this last possibility, it is specified that not all virgins are necessarily chaste, and that an intention of purity is needed for the virginity to be meritous. However, while this intention can be lost and restored and the aureola still gained, the physical fact of sexual pleasure voluntarily engaged in is irreversible.[citation needed] In some ways, this is the most logically consistent definition; in traditional theological thought there is little objective difference, either physiologically or morally, between being brought to orgasm by one's own hand and being brought to orgasm by the body of another if the latter act was not open to life. The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2009) Acts such as masturbation and sodomy have traditionally been regarded as worse sexual sins because they are allegedly unnatural for not being open to the possibility of conception, whereas fornication or adultery could still theoretically be "natural" even if not moral. Therefore, it would be odd for theology to conclude that virginity is lost by a less grave sin but preserved in worse and more unnatural sins of lust. The Catholic Encyclopedia says: "There are two elements in virginity: the material element, that is to say, the absence, in the past and in the present, of all complete and voluntary delectation, whether from lust or from the lawful use of marriage; and the formal element, that is the firm resolution to abstain forever from sexual pleasure." And, "Virginity is irreparably lost by sexual pleasure, voluntarily and completely experienced."[27] However, for the purposes of consecrated virgins and nuns, prior masturbation is not usually inquired into, and canonically it is enough that any sexual activity of theirs is not publicly known or infamous. Aquinas, emphasizing that acts other than copulation destroy virginity, but also clarifying that involuntary sexual pleasure or pollution does not destroy virginity says in his Summa Theologica, "Pleasure resulting from resolution of semen may arise in two ways. If this be the result of the mind's purpose, it destroys virginity, whether copulation takes place or not. Augustine, however, mentions copulation, because such like resolution is the ordinary and natural result thereof. On another way this may happen beside the purpose of the mind, either during sleep, or through violence and without the mind's consent, although the flesh derives pleasure from it, or again through weakness of nature, as in the case of those who are subject to a flow of semen. On such cases virginity is not forfeit, because such like pollution is not the result of impurity which excludes virginity."[28] Female saints and blesseds are generally given one of two titles. Those who were either unmarried, nuns, or consecrated virgins are given the title "Virgin" while those who have been married are given the title "Holy Women", not virgins. Virgin Sophia design on a Harmony Society doorway in Harmony, Pennsylvania, carved by Frederick Reichert Rapp (1775-1834). [edit] Christian Mysticism and Gnostic Christianity This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) In Christian mysticism, Gnosticism, as well as some Hellenistic religions, there is a female spirit or Goddess named Sophia that is said to embody wisdom and whom is sometimes described as a virgin. In Roman Catholic mysticism, Hildegard of Bingen celebrated Sophia as a cosmic figure both in her writing and art. Within the Protestant tradition in England, 17th Century Christian Mystic, Universalist and founder of the Philadelphian Society Jane Leade wrote copious descriptions of her visions and dialogues with the "Virgin Sophia" who, she said, revealed to her the spiritual workings of the Universe. Leade was hugely influenced by the theosophical writings of 16th Century German Christian mystic Jakob Böhme, who also speaks of the Sophia in works such as The Way to Christ[3]. Jakob Böhme was very influential to a number of Christian mystics and religious leaders, including George Rapp and the Harmony Society. The Harmony Society was a religious pietist group that lived communally, were pacifistic, and advocated celibacy among its membership. [edit] Contemporary Christianity This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) In Finland, the phrase ei ennen papin aamenta (not before priest says Amen) refers to abstinence before marriage. It is also used in any contexts to warn doing anything prematurely or before its time. The phrase includes also a side meaning "but do it for good once the priest has said the amen!". Until recently, some states that have a significant Christian population have or have had laws protecting virginity. Germany abandoned a law (§1300 BGB) only in 1998 that entitled the deflowered virgin to compensation if the relationship ended. In Mexico, there is a very old saying, still used by women today: "Fulfill your promise to marry me (if we had sex), or leave me how I was (a virgin)". [edit] Islam Islam decrees that sexual activity may only occur between married individuals. The husband and wife must always keep in mind the needs, both sexual and emotional, of each other. Qur'an 17:32 says "And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fâhishah [i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)], and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allâh forgives him)."[Qur'an 17:32]: Unlawful sexual intercourse zina (&#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1606;&#1609;) refers both to adultery sex and rape.[29] [edit] Medicine and biology In early modern Europe, prolonged virginity in women was believed to cause the disease of chlorosis or "green sickness". For cross breedings of some laboratory animals, females are needed that have not already copulated in order to ensure that the offspring possess the intended genotype. To do this in Drosophila flies for example, females are used that are maximally 6 to 8 hours old (at 25 °C); only after this period has elapsed do inseminations begin. [edit] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Virginity Look up virginity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Virginity Almah Brahmacharya Celibacy Sworn virgin Vestal virgin Virgo The Virgin Spring (film) [edit] Notes ^ a b c d e f g h 'virgin' in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. ^ a b "The emotional stress of serial non-marriage plays havoc with the possibility of partnering for life." Angela Shanahan, 'Sex revolution robbed us of fertility', The Australian 15 September, 2007. ^ Denis Howe, 'Virgin', The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, 1993-2007. ^ Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short, 'virgo', in A Latin Dictionary. ^ 'Virgin', Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ 'Consecrated virgins and widows', Catechism of the Catholic Church 922&#8211;24. ^ Frank Harris, My Life and Loves, volume 3, (1923). ^ Internet Movie DataBase (IMDB). ^ http://www.phimosis-circumcision.com/library/passages/hymen.html ^ Kitzinger and Wilkinson, "Virgins and Queers: Rehabilitating Heterosexuality?" /Gender & Society/ 1994; 8; 446. McGill University Libraries, 27 Nov. 2008 < http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/444 > ^ "Teen Sex Survey". Channel 4. 2008. http://sexperienceuk.channel4.com/teen-sex-survey. Retrieved on 2008-09-11. ^ Deuteronomy 22, see also Shotgun wedding. ^ Brockhaus 2004, Kranzgeld ^ http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/article2123389.ece ^ Squires, Nick (2008-09-16). "Italian model plans to sell virginity for 1m euros". United Kingdom: Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/2971511/Italian-model-plans-to-sell-virginity-for-1m-euros.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. ^ "Shock jock to auction off girl's virginity: Howard Stern announces his most controversial stunt yet". United Kingdom: Daily mail. 2008-09-09. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1053953/Shock-jock-auction-girls-virginity-Howard-Stern-announces-controversial-stunt-yet.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. ^ "Calif. College Grad Sells Virginity For Tuition". Baltimore: WJZ-TV (CBS). 2008-09-10. http://wjz.com/watercooler/Natalie.Dylan.selling.2.814381.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-18. ^ Donald Brown, Human Universals, 1991. ^ Joan R. Kahn, Kathryn A. London, 'Premarital Sex and the Risk of Divorce', Journal of Marriage and the Family 53 (1991): 845-855. ^ Bh?gavata Pur?&#7751;a 9.24.34, trans. by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhup?da. ^ Manu-sm&#7771;ti 8.226, translated by Georg Bühler, (Oxford, 1886). ^ "As a Christian pastor who has faced this problem with people many times, I would say that the following guidelines are absolutely essential. Sex between unmarried adults might be inside that gray area between the ideal and the immoral if, first, no one&#8217;s marriage is being violated by either party; second, if it is a union of love and caring, not just a union of convenience and desire; third, if sex is shared only after other things have been shared, other things such as time, values, friendship, communication and a sense of deep trust and emotional responsibility; fourth, if it is both loving and discreet, private, shielded from those who would not or could not understand; if it is valued as a bond between the two people involved and between them alone, never violating the sacredness of the exclusive quality of that moment." John Shelby Spong, The Living Commandments. ^ arsenokoit?s (masc. noun of fem. 1st declention), literally a man who shares a bed with other men (see LSJ and BDAG). ^ Syriac- Christian and Rabbinic Notions of Holy Community and Sexuality Naomi Koltun-Fromm April 2006 pdf ^ Modern interpretation of the significance of "wrong his brother" in 1 Thessalonians 4:6, includes sleeping with the brother's future wife. However, 1 Thessalonians 4:3 only specifically prohibits Fornication. This word originally meant prostitution only and the first recorded use of the word in it's modern meaning of intercourse between partners who are not married to each other was in the 14th century AD. ^ New American Bible[1] ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia, 'Virginity' [2] ^ Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Second Part of the Second Part, Question 152. ^ "&#1607;&#1604; " &#1605;&#1575;&#1585;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1576;&#1591;&#1610;&#1577; " &#1605;&#1606; &#1571;&#1605;&#1607;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1572;&#1605;&#1606;&#1610;&#1606; &#1567;" (in Arabic). http://www.islamqa.com/ar/ref/47572. Retrieved on 2008-12-31. [edit] Bibliography Journal articles Armour, Stacy and Dana L Haynie. 'Adolescent Sexual Debut and Later Delinquency'. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36 (2007): 141-152. [abstract only] Bozon, Michael. 'At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? World comparisons and recent trends'. Population and Societies 391 (2003) 1&#8211;4. Cooksey, Elizabeth C., Frank L. Mott and Stefanie A. Neubauer. 'Friendships and Early Relationships: Links to Sexual Initiation Among American Adolescents Born to Young Mothers'. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34 (2002): 118&#8211;126. Goodson, P., A. Evans and E. Edmundson. 'Female adolescents and onset of sexual intercourse: A theory-based review of research from 1984 to 1994.' Journal of Adolescent Health 21 (1997): 147-156. [abstract only] Rich, Lauren M. and Sun-Bin Kim. 'Employment and the sexual and reproductive behavior of female adolescents'. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34 (2002). Rosenberg, J. 'Age at first sex and human papillomavirus infection linked through behavioral factors and partner's traits'. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34 (2002). Monographs Bently, Thomas. The Monument of Matrones: Conteining Seven Severall Lamps of Virginitie. Thomas Dawson, 1582. Carpenter, Laura. Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. New York University Press, 2005. ISBN 0814716539 Press 'Many Regret Early First Sex', Health News, 14 April 2008 &#8212; report on an Irish study, and a program to discourage early sex Crumley, Bruce. "Wife No Virgin; Marriage Annulled". Time 3 June, 2008. Crumley, Bruce. "The Dilemma of 'Virginity' Restoration". Time 13 July, 2008. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity" Categories: Human sexuality | Non-sexuality Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since November 2008 | Articles containing possible transcription errors | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2009 | Articles needing additional references from March 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases since March 2009 | NPOV disputes from March 2009 | All NPOV disputes I still don't think you've reviewed the right person, you fucking dirty asswipe. I think, perhaps, you've dropped a bollock, numbnuts... However, I shall be crying myself to sleep tonight after you wrote BLACKLISTED in big letters on my wall. Hahahahahahahahaha - did you look up the spelling on Google, you twat-end? Blacklist From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Blacklisted) Jump to: navigation, search Contents [hide] 1 Political context 1.1 Hollywood blacklist 1.2 California Proposition 8 Supporter Blacklist 1.3 Blacklisting of Trade Union members 2 Computing 3 Medical context 4 Distinction from a boycott 5 See also 6 References 7 External links "Blacklisted" redirects here. For other uses, see Blacklist (disambiguation). For the computing term see Blacklist (computing). For information on Wikipedia's spam blacklist, see Wikipedia:Spam blacklist. A blacklist (or black list) is a list or register of persons who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. As a verb, to blacklist can mean to deny someone work in a particular field, or to ostracize a person from a certain social circle. Conversely, a whitelist is a list or compilation identifying persons or organizations that are accepted, recognized, or privileged. [edit] Political context The term blacklisting is generally used in a pejorative context, as it implies that someone has been prevented from having legitimate access to something due to the whims or judgments of another. For example, a person being served with a restraining order for having threatened another person would not be considered a case of blacklisting. However, somebody who is fired for exposing poor working conditions in a particular company, and is subsequently blocked from finding work in that industry, may be considered to have been blacklisted. Blacklisting can and has been accomplished informally and by consensus of authority figures, and does not necessarily require a physical list or overt written record. Blacklisting is also tactic used in economic warfare which can be used against neutral government and companies that operate therein. In order to compel a change in policies by neutral government and companies based there, one belligerent in a conflict may threaten to prohibit their operations after a conflict is over.[citation needed] The etymology of the term blacklist is not derived from ethnicity[1], nonetheless some people consider the term derogatory.[2][3] Out of respect for diversity, some organizations have considered banning the term.[4] Less racially-charged alternatives include: denylist, rejectlist, blocklist. [edit] Hollywood blacklist Main article: Hollywood blacklist In American history, one of the most famous examples of blacklisting stemmed from an investigation launched in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) into Communist influence on the motion picture industry. The first in the industry to be blacklisted, as a result of their refusal to provide evidence to HUAC, were a group known as the Hollywood Ten, most of them screenwriters, who had at one time or another been members of the American Communist Party. Today, the best known of the Hollywood Ten is writer Dalton Trumbo, who was barred from openly working in Hollywood for over a dozen years as a result of his defiance of HUAC. (He continued to work under pseudonyms and "fronts" until the revelation in 1960 that he had written the script for Spartacus.) Actor John Garfield was one of the more famous Hollywood performers to have been blacklisted by major American film studios as a direct result of HUAC investigations and hearings. Blacklisting may sometimes result in a domino effect, as in the case of radio actress Madeline Lee. Both Lee and her husband, actor Jack Gilford, were blacklisted during the McCarthy era after it was revealed that Lee had given a party in her house to raise funds for a group later labeled as a Communist front. Though there was no suspicion that she had ever been involved in any putatively "subversive" political causes (and though her real name was spelled differently), Lee became the target of thousands of protest phone calls to her network. Another actress, Camilla Ashland, who appeared on the television show Danger, physically resembled Madeline Lee; though she had no political past, her network too became the target of protest phone calls. Madeline Pierce, a 20-year veteran of radio, who again had no political past, was also ultimately blacklisted.[citation needed] [edit] California Proposition 8 Supporter Blacklist Main article: Boycotting of Proposition 8 Supporters Following the passage of California's Proposition 8, Proposition 8 opponents obtained donation lists of those who had supported the ballot measure by contributing to the "Yes on 8" campaign, published the list, organized an activism group, and began calling for boycotts of the places of work of the supporters[5] to force the firing or resignation of employees. Chad Griffin, a political adviser to Hollywood executives and same-sex marriage supporter explained the intent of the boycott or blacklist saying, "Any individual who has held homophobic views and who has gone public by writing a check, you can expect to be publicly judged. Many can expect to pay a price for a long time to come." [6] There has been controversy about whether this black listing is an appropriate response to the passage of Proposition 8 by those who opposed it.[7] [edit] Blacklisting of Trade Union members Trade union members in the United Kingdom have been blacklisted by employers using the services of the Economic League (UK)[citation needed] which operated between 1918 and 1993, and The Consulting Association which took over this role until it was closed down in February 2009[8]. [edit] Computing Main article: Blacklist (computing) In computing, a blacklist is an access control system which denies entry to a specific list (or a defined range) of users, programs, or network addresses. [edit] Medical context Blacklisting is multiple providers denying care to a certain patient or patients with a connotation of volition or willfulness. It is done in various ways for various reasons and is not new. In 1907 the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance.[9] That was a physical list kept by the community of physicians. A physical list is not necessary to blacklist patients, but there have been other efforts to do that. For instance, in the United States the web site http://www.doctorsknow.us was set up to blacklist any patient who had filed a suit against a physician. That effort was extended off shore to a website that encourages doctors to consider avoiding patients who are listed in their database.[10] Those both are physical lists that blacklist patients who have complained or sued their healthcare providers. There are less formal and less visible blacklists as well. For instance, an organization called "Sufferers of Iatrogenic Neglect"[11] knows of 40 cases where patients claim they have suffered on two counts: one, from the original human medical error, and two, because they complained about it and as a result got blacklisted. In West London, Rafat Saeed had difficulty finding a GP and says, &#8220;&#8230; it is very easy for a doctor to blacklist a patient through the Family Health Services Authority&#8221; [12]. Angelique Omega wrote in her blog, "I was once told in a phone call by a Renown E.R. nurse, after she very quickly looked up my name in their computer, that I'd better not ever show my face there ever again. This was after I had filed complaints &#8230;"[13] Data sharing also can cause patients to become blacklisted. Data sharing makes it easy to get labeled as a "problem patient" without anyone adding a name to a list. Repeat patients who are misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, or patients with chronic conditions or mental illness, can get labeled as "problem patients" in computer systems such as HealthConnect or Epic that hold the records of patients and can make it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to get appointments for care. Such systems have no borders making this a global problem [14]. Even without data sharing, collegial loyalty, watching each other's backs, can be enough to result in the denial of care to certain patients. Consider the patient who has been injured by a healthcare provider. Patients with iatrogenic illnesses often cannot get a record made of their injuries and often cannot get treatment. Trudy Newman in her article "Deadly Medical Practices" [15] described the cause as being physicians having a stronger allegiance to each other than to their patients. They are reluctant to acknowledge the existence of iatrogenic injuries by diagnosing or treating them. A patient with iatrogenic injuries can go from doctor to doctor to doctor without getting diagnosed or treated and never know why. Without a list or any communication between physicians, collegial loyalty by itself results in patients with certain kinds of problems being blacklisted. However, the term blacklist does connote volition or willfulness. A new and unrecognized disease resulting in patients being unable to find treatment might not be considered blacklisting unless inclination or personal belief or the equivalent had to do with why treatment either was not found or was unreasonably difficult to find. In the UK the term blacklisted also is used in the NHS to denote blacklisted medicines that are not allowed to be prescribed on NHS prescriptions. [edit] Distinction from a boycott A blacklist is generally regarded as infringing on civil rights, since it represents the effort of a third party to hinder a voluntary transaction between two other parties. For example, the Hollywood blacklist put powerful outside pressure on film producers to refrain from hiring blacklisted screenwriters who they would otherwise likely have employed. This is distinct from a boycott, where a direct party to a transaction is encouraged to abandon the transaction to further his larger moral interests. For example, the civil rights boycotts organized in the American South in the 1950s encouraged black Americans to cease patronizing businesses known to have discriminatory policies towards blacks. Since a direct party voluntarily chooses not to make a transaction, no violation of civil rights takes place. (A business has no "right" to patronage.) The distinction between blacklists and boycotts can become blurred. For example, following the passage of Proposition 8 in California in November 2008, a Web site appeared under the URL antigayblacklist.com, which listed names and business information of persons who made large donations to the Yes On 8 campaign and called for visitors to avoid patronizing these businesses. Although describing itself as a blacklist, the site might be termed a call to boycott, since no voluntary transactions were hindered by third parties. [edit] See also Look up blacklist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Black Book (gaming) Media transparency [edit] References James J. Lorence. The Suppression of Salt of the Earth. How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America. University of New Mexico Press: 1999. ISBN 0-8263-2027-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-8263-2028-7 (paper) ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-18925.html ^ http://mla.libertine.org/tmda-users/2002-05/msg00202.html ^ http://garysaid.com/chapters/002609.php?blacklist ^ http://ask.metafilter.com/17862/SpamAssasin-blacklisting ^ "Resist the Blacklist". The Ledger. 2008-11-22. http://www.theledger.com/article/20081122/NEWS/811220306/1036?Title=Resist_the_Blacklist. ^ [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/front/la-et-shunned23-2008nov23,0,5732864.story ^ Weinstein, Steve (2008-11-25). "Are We Being Bullies? Debate Rages Over Boycotts". Edge. http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=&sc2=news&sc3=&id=83898. Retrieved on 2008-11-26. ^ Office of the Information Commissioner press release dated 2009-03-06 ^ The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (Clio Medica, 74) by Harriet Deacon, H., Ph.D. Phillips, E. Van Heyningen. ^ Law.com - Web Site Encourages Blacklist of Med-Mal Plaintiffs ^ http://www.sin-medicalmistakes.org ^ Saeed R (June 2003). "Patients' accounts of being removed from their general practitioner's list: qualitative study. Patient's response to the research". BMJ 326 (7402): 1319. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7402.1319. PMID 12805173. ^ Doctors in a Surveillance Society | The Progressive Blog Alliance HQ ^ Blacklisted Patients Arise! - Greedy Trial Lawyer ^ http://thunderbay.indymedia.org/news/2003/09/8834.php [edit] External links List of Airlines banned in the EU (several languages) Patient Safety and Blacklisting Customer Blacklist Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklist" Categories: Informal legal terms | McCarthyism Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2009ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsLog in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Bân-lâm-gú &#1041;&#1098;&#1083;&#1075;&#1072;&#1088;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080; Dansk Deutsch Espa&ntilde;ol Esperanto Fran&ccedil;ais Italiano Nederlands &#26085;&#26412;&#35486; Polski Portugu&ecirc;s &#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081; Suomi &#3652;&#3607;&#3618; &#20013;&#25991;

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