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JURGEN : CAN YOU REMOVE ALL FAKE REVIEWS ON MY PROFILE A LOTS OF PEOPLE SAY IVE PGA BUT ITS NOT TRUE THANKS.

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Terminology

The English word slave comes from Old French sclave, from the Medieval Latin sclavus, from the Byzantine Greek Ï?κλάβοÏ?, which, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Slav, because in some early Medieval wars many Slavs were captured and enslaved.[9][10] An older theory connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo 'to strip a slain enemy'.[11]

There is a dispute among modern historians about whether the term "enslaved person" rather than "slave" should be used when describing the victims of slavery. According to those proposing a change in terminology, "slave" perpetuates the crime of slavery in language, by reducing its victims to a nonhuman noun instead of, according to Andi Cumbo-Floyd, "carry[ing] them forward as people, not the property that they were". Other historians prefer "slave" because the term is familiar and shorter, or because it accurately reflects the inhumanity of slavery, with "person" implying a degree of autonomy that slavery did not allow for.[12]
Types
Photograph of a slave boy in Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890.
Chattel slavery

Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as if they were commodities. It is the least prevalent form of slavery in the world today.[13]
Bonded labor
Main article: Bonded labor

Debt bondage or bonded labor occurs when a person pledges himself or herself against a loan.[14] The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, may be undefined.[14] Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents' debt.[14] It is the most widespread form of slavery today.[15] Debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia.[16]
Forced labor
Main article: Forced labor
See also: Child labor and Prostitution

Forced labor occurs when an individual is forced to work against his or her will, under threat of violence or other punishment, with restrictions on their freedom.[15] Human trafficking is primarily used for prostituting women and children[17] and is the fastest growing form of forced labor,[15] with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico having been identified as leading hotspots of commercial sexual exploitation of children.[18]

The term 'forced labor' is also used to describe all types of slavery and may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription and penal labor.
Forced marriage
Main article: Forced marriage
See also: Marriage by abduction and Child marriage

A forced marriage can be regarded as a form of slavery if one of the parties, usually the female, is subject to violence, threats, or intimidation; and required to engage in sexual activity or perform domestic duties or other work without any personal control. The customs of bride price and dowry that exist in many parts of the world can lead to buying and selling people into marriage.[19][20] Forced marriage continues to be practiced in parts of the world including some parts of Asia and Africa. Forced marriages may also occur in immigrant communities in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.[21][22][23][24] Marriage by abduction occurs in many places in the world today, with a national average of 69% of marriages in Ethiopia being through abduction.[25]

The International Labour Organisation defines child and forced marriage as forms of modern-day slavery.[26]
Dependency

The word "slave" has also been used to express a general dependency from somebody else.[27][28] In many cases, such as in ancient Persia, the situation and lives of such slaves could be better than those of other common citizens.[29]
Contemporary slavery
See also: Contemporary slavery, Child slavery, Trafficking of children and Illegal immigration § Slavery
Modern incidence of slavery, as a percentage of the population, by country. Estimates from the Walk Free Foundation. Estimates by other sources may be higher.
Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent.[30]

Even though slavery is now outlawed in every country,[31] the number of slaves today is estimated as between 12 million[32] and 29.8 million.[7] Several estimates of the number of slaves in the world have been provided.[33] According to a broad definition of slavery used by Kevin Bales of Free the Slaves (FTS), an advocacy group linked with Anti-Slavery International, there were 27 million people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world.[34] In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12.3 million forced labourers.[35] Siddharth Kara has also provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into three categories: bonded labour/debt bondage (18.1 million), forced labour (7.6 million), and trafficked slaves (2.7 million).[36] Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009. According to a 2003 report by Human Rights Watch, an estimated 15 million children in debt bondage in India work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts.[37][38]
Distribution

A report by the Walk Free Foundation in 2013,[39] found India had the highest number of slaves, nearly 14 million, followed by China (2.9 million), Pakistan (2.1 million), Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, Thailand, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar and Bangladesh; while the countries with the highest of proportion of slaves were Mauritania, Haiti, Pakistan, India and Nepal.[40]

In June 2013, U.S. State Department released a report on slavery, it placed Russia, China, Uzbekistan in the worst offenders category, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria, and Zimbabwe were also at the lowest level. The list also included Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait among a total of 21 countries.[41][42]
Economics

While American slaves in 1809 were sold for around $40,000 (in inflation adjusted dollars), a slave nowadays can be bought for just $90, making replacement more economical than providing long term care.[43] Slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with estimates of up to $35 billion generated annually.[44]
Trafficking
Main article: Human trafficking
A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking

Trafficking in human beings (also called human trafficking) is one method of obtaining slaves.[45] Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery (such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer), sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a "debt slavery" situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims.[46] "Annually, according to U.S. government-sponsored research completed in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors", reports the U.S. State Department in a 2008 study.[47]

While the majority of trafficking victims are women, and sometimes children, who are forced into prostitution (in which case the practice is called sex trafficking), victims also include men, women and children who are forced into manual labour.[48] Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. A U.S. government report published in 2005, estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.[48] Another research effort revealed that between 1.5 million and 1.8 million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year, 500,000 to 600,000 of whom are sex trafficking victims.[36]
Examples

Examples of modern slavery are numerous. Child slavery has commonly been used in the production of cash crops and mining.
Asia

In 2008, the Nepalese government abolished the Haliya system, under which 20,000 people were forced to provide free farm labour.[49] Though slavery was officially abolished in China in 1910,[50] the practice continues unofficially in some regions of the country.[51][52][53] In June and July 2007, 550 people who had been enslaved by brick manufacturers in Shanxi and Henan were freed by the Chinese government.[54] Among those rescued were 69 children.[55] In response, the Chinese government assembled a force of 35,000 police to check northern Chinese brick kilns for slaves, sent dozens of kiln supervisors to prison, punished 95 officials in Shanxi province for dereliction of duty, and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing an enslaved worker.[54] The North Korean government[56] operates six large political prison camps,[57] where political prisoners and their families (around 200,000 people)[58] in lifelong detention[59] are subjected to hard slave labor,[60] torture and inhumane treatment.[61]
South America and Caribbean

In 2008, in Brazil about 5,000 slaves were rescued by government authorities as part of an initiative to eradicate slavery, which was reported as ongoing in 2010.[62] Poverty has forced at least 225,000 Haitian children to work as restavecs (unpaid household servants); the United Nations considers this to be a form of slavery.[63]
Middle East

Some tribal sheiks in Iraq still keep blacks, called Abd, which means servant or slave in Arabic, as slaves.[64]

According to media reports from late 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) was selling Yazidi and Christian women as slaves.[65][66][67] According to Haleh Esfandiari of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, after ISIL militants have captured an area "[t]hey usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them."[68] In mid-October 2014, the UN estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women and children were abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[69][70] In the digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war.[71][72][73][74][75] According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[76]
Africa
Main article: Slavery in contemporary Africa
Tuareg society is traditionally feudal, ranging from nobles, through vassals, to dark-skinned slaves.[77]
Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p.12, February 1859, XVI)[78]

In Mauritania, the last country to abolish slavery (in 1981),[79] it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved with many used as bonded labour.[80][81][82] Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007.[83] (although slavery as a practice was legally banned in 1981, it was not a crime to own a slave until 2007).[84] Although many slaves have escaped or have been freed since 2007, as of 2012, only one slave-owner had been sentenced to serve time in prison.[85]

An article in the Middle East Quarterly in 1999 reported that slavery is endemic in Sudan.[86] Estimates of abductions during the Second Sudanese Civil War range from 14,000 to 200,000 people.[87]
kk

Terminology

The English word slave comes from Old French sclave, from the Medieval Latin sclavus, from the Byzantine Greek Ï?κλάβοÏ?, which, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Slav, because in some early Medieval wars many Slavs were captured and enslaved.[9][10] An older theory connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo 'to strip a slain enemy'.[11]

There is a dispute among modern historians about whether the term "enslaved person" rather than "slave" should be used when describing the victims of slavery. According to those proposing a change in terminology, "slave" perpetuates the crime of slavery in language, by reducing its victims to a nonhuman noun instead of, according to Andi Cumbo-Floyd, "carry[ing] them forward as people, not the property that they were". Other historians prefer "slave" because the term is familiar and shorter, or because it accurately reflects the inhumanity of slavery, with "person" implying a degree of autonomy that slavery did not allow for.[12]
Types
Photograph of a slave boy in Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890.
Chattel slavery

Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as if they were commodities. It is the least prevalent form of slavery in the world today.[13]
Bonded labor
Main article: Bonded labor

Debt bondage or bonded labor occurs when a person pledges himself or herself against a loan.[14] The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, may be undefined.[14] Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents' debt.[14] It is the most widespread form of slavery today.[15] Debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia.[16]
Forced labor
Main article: Forced labor
See also: Child labor and Prostitution

Forced labor occurs when an individual is forced to work against his or her will, under threat of violence or other punishment, with restrictions on their freedom.[15] Human trafficking is primarily used for prostituting women and children[17] and is the fastest growing form of forced labor,[15] with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico having been identified as leading hotspots of commercial sexual exploitation of children.[18]

The term 'forced labor' is also used to describe all types of slavery and may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription and penal labor.
Forced marriage
Main article: Forced marriage
See also: Marriage by abduction and Child marriage

A forced marriage can be regarded as a form of slavery if one of the parties, usually the female, is subject to violence, threats, or intimidation; and required to engage in sexual activity or perform domestic duties or other work without any personal control. The customs of bride price and dowry that exist in many parts of the world can lead to buying and selling people into marriage.[19][20] Forced marriage continues to be practiced in parts of the world including some parts of Asia and Africa. Forced marriages may also occur in immigrant communities in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.[21][22][23][24] Marriage by abduction occurs in many places in the world today, with a national average of 69% of marriages in Ethiopia being through abduction.[25]

The International Labour Organisation defines child and forced marriage as forms of modern-day slavery.[26]
Dependency

The word "slave" has also been used to express a general dependency from somebody else.[27][28] In many cases, such as in ancient Persia, the situation and lives of such slaves could be better than those of other common citizens.[29]
Contemporary slavery
See also: Contemporary slavery, Child slavery, Trafficking of children and Illegal immigration § Slavery
Modern incidence of slavery, as a percentage of the population, by country. Estimates from the Walk Free Foundation. Estimates by other sources may be higher.
Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent.[30]

Even though slavery is now outlawed in every country,[31] the number of slaves today is estimated as between 12 million[32] and 29.8 million.[7] Several estimates of the number of slaves in the world have been provided.[33] According to a broad definition of slavery used by Kevin Bales of Free the Slaves (FTS), an advocacy group linked with Anti-Slavery International, there were 27 million people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world.[34] In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12.3 million forced labourers.[35] Siddharth Kara has also provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into three categories: bonded labour/debt bondage (18.1 million), forced labour (7.6 million), and trafficked slaves (2.7 million).[36] Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009. According to a 2003 report by Human Rights Watch, an estimated 15 million children in debt bondage in India work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts.[37][38]
Distribution

A report by the Walk Free Foundation in 2013,[39] found India had the highest number of slaves, nearly 14 million, followed by China (2.9 million), Pakistan (2.1 million), Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, Thailand, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar and Bangladesh; while the countries with the highest of proportion of slaves were Mauritania, Haiti, Pakistan, India and Nepal.[40]

In June 2013, U.S. State Department released a report on slavery, it placed Russia, China, Uzbekistan in the worst offenders category, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria, and Zimbabwe were also at the lowest level. The list also included Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait among a total of 21 countries.[41][42]
Economics

While American slaves in 1809 were sold for around $40,000 (in inflation adjusted dollars), a slave nowadays can be bought for just $90, making replacement more economical than providing long term care.[43] Slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with estimates of up to $35 billion generated annually.[44]
Trafficking
Main article: Human trafficking
A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking

Trafficking in human beings (also called human trafficking) is one method of obtaining slaves.[45] Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery (such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer), sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a "debt slavery" situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims.[46] "Annually, according to U.S. government-sponsored research completed in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors", reports the U.S. State Department in a 2008 study.[47]

While the majority of trafficking victims are women, and sometimes children, who are forced into prostitution (in which case the practice is called sex trafficking), victims also include men, women and children who are forced into manual labour.[48] Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. A U.S. government report published in 2005, estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.[48] Another research effort revealed that between 1.5 million and 1.8 million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year, 500,000 to 600,000 of whom are sex trafficking victims.[36]
Examples

Examples of modern slavery are numerous. Child slavery has commonly been used in the production of cash crops and mining.
Asia

In 2008, the Nepalese government abolished the Haliya system, under which 20,000 people were forced to provide free farm labour.[49] Though slavery was officially abolished in China in 1910,[50] the practice continues unofficially in some regions of the country.[51][52][53] In June and July 2007, 550 people who had been enslaved by brick manufacturers in Shanxi and Henan were freed by the Chinese government.[54] Among those rescued were 69 children.[55] In response, the Chinese government assembled a force of 35,000 police to check northern Chinese brick kilns for slaves, sent dozens of kiln supervisors to prison, punished 95 officials in Shanxi province for dereliction of duty, and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing an enslaved worker.[54] The North Korean government[56] operates six large political prison camps,[57] where political prisoners and their families (around 200,000 people)[58] in lifelong detention[59] are subjected to hard slave labor,[60] torture and inhumane treatment.[61]
South America and Caribbean

In 2008, in Brazil about 5,000 slaves were rescued by government authorities as part of an initiative to eradicate slavery, which was reported as ongoing in 2010.[62] Poverty has forced at least 225,000 Haitian children to work as restavecs (unpaid household servants); the United Nations considers this to be a form of slavery.[63]
Middle East

Some tribal sheiks in Iraq still keep blacks, called Abd, which means servant or slave in Arabic, as slaves.[64]

According to media reports from late 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) was selling Yazidi and Christian women as slaves.[65][66][67] According to Haleh Esfandiari of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, after ISIL militants have captured an area "[t]hey usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them."[68] In mid-October 2014, the UN estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women and children were abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[69][70] In the digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old shariah practice of spoils of war.[71][72][73][74][75] According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[76]
Africa
Main article: Slavery in contemporary Africa
Tuareg society is traditionally feudal, ranging from nobles, through vassals, to dark-skinned slaves.[77]
Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p.12, February 1859, XVI)[78]

In Mauritania, the last country to abolish slavery (in 1981),[79] it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved with many used as bonded labour.[80][81][82] Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007.[83] (although slavery as a practice was legally banned in 1981, it was not a crime to own a slave until 2007).[84] Although many slaves have escaped or have been freed since 2007, as of 2012, only one slave-owner had been sentenced to serve time in prison.[85]

An article in the Middle East Quarterly in 1999 reported that slavery is endemic in Sudan.[86] Estimates of abductions during the Second Sudanese Civil War range from 14,000 to 200,000 people.[87]

In Niger, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population.[88][89][90] Niger installed anti slavery provision in 2003.[91][92]